When programming, we often need to write ‘generic’ functions where the exact data type is not important. For example, you might want to write a simple function that sums up numbers.
Go lacked this notion until recently, but it was recently added (as of version 1.18). So I took it out for a spin.
In Java, generics work well enough as long as you need “generic” containers (arrays, maps), and as long as stick with functional idioms. But Java will not let me code the way I would prefer. Here is how I would write a function that sums up numbers:
int sum(int[] v) { int summer = 0; for(int k = 0; k < v.length; k++) { summer += v[k]; } return summer; }
What if I need to support various number types? Then I would like to write the following generic function, but Java won’t let me because Java generics only work with classes not primitive types.
// this Java code won't compile static <T extends Number> T sum(T[] v) { T summer = 0; for(int k = 0; k < v.length; k++) { summer += v[k]; } return summer; }
Go is not object oriented per se, so you do not have a ‘Number’ class. However, you can create your own generic ‘interfaces’ which serves the same function. So here is how you solve the same problem in Go:
type Number interface { uint | int | float32 | float64 } func sum[T Number](a []T) T{ var summer T for _, v := range(a) { summer += v } return summer }
So, at least in this one instance, Go generics are more expressive than Java generics. What about performance?
If I apply the above code to an array of integers, I get the following tight loop in assembly:
pc11: MOVQ (AX)(DX*8), SI INCQ DX ADDQ SI, CX CMPQ BX, DX JGT pc11
As far as Go is concerned, this is as efficient as it gets.
So far, I am giving an A to Go generics.
Some of these basic interfaces are also available in https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/exp/constraints
Thanks.
C++ On and off the bandwagon
https://dbj.org/c-on-and-off-the-bandwagon/
This is the simplest case only, and could be done with C preprocessor macros. Simply by substituting Number by the four permitted values, compiling it four times. But what if you had a high precision number type instead?
Any of the many “template engines” can be used to generate such code in Java (and most of the “primitive collections” libraries work this way.
I believe the actual test case for expressability of generics is when you have polymorphism at the same time, and the type may not yet known at compilation time.
What impressed me a bit more is the expressivity of Rust with it’s numeric traits – you could express that you want to fail on overflow, use a saturating add, etc. – but honestly that takes the fun out of it eventually. And how many “saturating add” types do you have? Pretty much only the primitive integers, not even floats…
This is the simplest case only, and could be done with C preprocessor macros.
Yes.
The more I (try to) use them, the more I realize how incomplete they are, and how bad they sometimes are. To everyone: First google what’s all missing and virtually impossible, it will save you time.